The Laravel framework: a complete overview, pros, cons and limits

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use App\Enums\OrderStatus;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\Scope;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;

class Order extends Model
{
    protected $fillable = ['user_id', 'status', 'total'];

    protected function casts(): array
    {
        // a string in the database, an enum in the code
        return ['status' => OrderStatus::class];
    }

    public function user(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
    }

    #[Scope]
    protected function paid(Builder $query): void
    {
        $query->where('status', OrderStatus::Paid);
    }
}

// paid orders for 30 days with buyers: 2 SQL queries instead of 1 + N
// Order::paid()->where('created_at', '>=', now()->subDays(30))
//     ->with('user')->latest()->get();

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\Lead;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Routing\Attributes\Controllers\Middleware;

// no more than 5 requests a minute from one address
#[Middleware('throttle:5,1')]
class LeadController
{
    public function store(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        // a bad field → 422 with a message for each field
        $data = $request->validate([
            'name'   => ['required', 'string', 'min:2', 'max:80'],
            'email'  => ['required', 'email'],
            'budget' => ['nullable', 'integer', 'min:0'],
        ]);

        $lead = Lead::create($data);

        return response()->json(['id' => $lead->id], 201);
    }
}

<?php

namespace App\Jobs;

use App\Mail\InvoiceMail;
use App\Models\Order;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Queue\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Queue\Attributes\Backoff;
use Illuminate\Queue\Attributes\Tries;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Mail;

#[Tries(3)]
// if the mail server fails: again in 10 s, then in 60 s
#[Backoff(10, 60)]
class SendInvoice implements ShouldQueue
{
    use Queueable;

    public function __construct(public Order $order) {}

    public function handle(): void
    {
        Mail::to($this->order->user)->send(new InvoiceMail($this->order));
    }
}

// in the controller: the answer goes at once, the email in the background
// SendInvoice::dispatch($order);